United States History II Content Standards

Building on knowledge from previous years, students should be able to:

Topic 1. The Great War, 1914-1919 

Compelling Question: What were the causes and consequences of the 20^th century’s two world wars?

1. Analyze the factors that led to the outbreak of World War I and American involvement (e.g., the emergence of Germany as a great power, the rise of nationalism and weakening of multinational empires, industrial and colonial competition, militarism, and Europe’s complex alliance systems).

2. Evaluate the ways in which World War I was a total war and its impact on the warring countries and beyond. 

   1. the use of industrial weapons and prolonged trench warfare and how they led to massive casualties and loss of life

   2. the expansion of World War I beyond Europe into a global conflict (including  the mobilization of Asian and African colonial subjects as troops to support military efforts and the reasoning for and impact of United States involvement; the impact on various nationalities, religious and ethnic groups)

   3. the impact of war on the home front in the United States, including war propaganda, rationing, and government control of wartime industries

3. Analyze the political, social, economic, and cultural developments in the United States following World War I.

   1. the vast economic destruction resulting from the war

   2. the emergence of a “Lost Generation” in European countries

   3. the proceedings of the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles

   4. the global influenza pandemic of 1918-1920

   5. the development of modernism in the arts, in the works by composers, visual artists, writers, choreographers, and playwrights such as Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, Max Ernst, René Magritte, Gertrude Stein, Ruth St. Denis, Martha Graham, Bertolt Brecht, Luigi Pirandello

4. Evaluate the negotiation of the Treaty of Versailles and how the treaty did or did not address the various issues caused by World War I.

5. Analyze one or more of the various developments of early 20^th century Russian history and their impacts on the world and Cold wars to follow (e.g. the Russian Revolution within the context of World War I, the growing political and social unrest under Czar Nicholas II, the emergence of the Bolshevik movement, the political revolutions of 1917, the Russian Civil War). 

Topic 2. Modernity in the United States: ideologies and economies 

Compelling Question: How did the United States respond to new ideas about society?

1. Analyze primary sources (e.g., documents, audio or film recordings, works of art and artifacts), to develop an argument about how the conflict between traditionalism and modernity manifested itself in the major societal trends and events in the first two decades of the 20^th century. Trends and events students might research include:

   1. the arts, entrepreneurship and philanthropy of the Harlem Renaissance, including the work of individuals such as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Josephine Baker, Eubie Blake

   2.  exhibitions, such as the Armory Show in New York, of avant-garde modern art (e.g., cubism, futurism) from Europe 

   3. women serving in the military as nurses and telephone operators

   4. the influx of World War I refugees leading to the Red Scare and the 1924 restrictions on immigration

   5. racial and ethnic tensions, the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan, white supremacy as a movement, and the first Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the North

   6. the impact of the eugenics movement on segregation, immigration, and the legalization of involuntary sterilization in some states; and the Supreme Court case, Buck v. Bell (1927), in which the Court ruled that state statutes permitting involuntary sterilization did not violate the Due Process clause of the 14th Amendment

   7. debates over the concept of evolution, such as the reporting of H. L. Mencken on the Scopes Trial (1925), which raised the debate over teaching evolution in public schools; Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species(1859), and Christian fundamentalism

   8. Prohibition of the manufacture, transport, or sale of alcoholic beverages under the 18^th Amendment (1920-1933) and “the Jazz Age”

   9. The growing prominence of same-sex relationships, especially in urban areas

   10. The Bread and Roses Strike in Lawrence (1912), the Boston police strike (1919), and the Massachusetts trials, appeals and execution of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1921)

Clarification Statement: Local stories such as the Bread and Roses Strike, Boston Police Strike, and the Sacco Vanzetti trial provide evidence of the tensions of the time in Massachusetts.

2. Describe the multiple causes (e.g., fall in stock market and commodities prices, restrictive monetary and trade policies, post-war reparations and debt) and consequences of the global depression of the 1930s (e.g., widespread unemployment, decline of personal income, support for social and political reform, decline in trade, the rise of fascism), including consideration of competing economic theories that explain the crisis (e.g., insufficient demand for goods and services [Keynesianism] vs. insufficient supply of money [monetarism]). (See also United States History II standards 1-12 on economics.) 

3. Gather, evaluate, and analyze primary sources (e.g., economic data, articles, diaries, photographs, audio and video recordings, songs, movies, and literary works) to create an oral, media, or written report on how Americans responded to the Great Depression. 

4. Using primary sources such as campaign literature, news articles/analyses, editorials, and radio/newsreel coverage, analyze the important policies, institutions, trends, and personalities of the Depression era (e.g., Presidents Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Huey Long, Charles Coughlin, Charles Lindbergh). Students may research and complete a case study on any one of the following policies , institutions, or trends:

5. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

6. the Securities and Exchange Commission

7. the Tennessee Valley Authority

8. the Social Security Act

9. the National Labor Relations Act

10. the Works Progress Administration

11. the National Industrial Recovery Act

12. Packing the Court

13. the Fair Labor Standards Act 

14. the American Federation of Labor

15. the Congress of Industrial Organizations

16. the American Communist Party 

17. the America First movement and anti-Semitism in the United States

5.    Evaluate the effectiveness of the New Deal programs enacted during the 1930s and the societal responses to those programs (e.g. effects on economic growth as well as sexism and racism in New Deal policies).

Topic 3. Defending Democracy: Responses to fascism and communism

Compelling Question: What kind of a role should the U.S. play in world affairs?

1. Develop an argument which analyzes the effectiveness of American isolationism and analyzes the impact of isolationism on U.S. foreign policy.

2. Identify the various causes and consequences of the global economic collapse of the 1930s and evaluate how the United States responded to the effects of the Great Depression. 

3. unemployment and inflation

4. political instability in weak democracies such as Germany

5. the influence of the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, Ludwig von Mises, Friedrich von Hayek, and Milton Friedman 

6. Identify the characteristics of fascism and totalitarianism as exhibited in the rise of the authoritarian regimes in Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s. Students should be able to compare and contrast fascism, totalitarianism, and liberal democracy and the ideas of Mussolini, Hitler, and Stalin. 

7. Evaluate the economic, social, and political conditions that allowed the rise of Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin in their respective countries, and how each dictator repressed dissention and persecuted minorities. Students may use the following examples of conditions leading to the rise of dictators to address this standard:

   1. the lingering resentment over World War I and the Treaty of Versailles

   2. the devastation of the Great Depression and the inability of fragile democracies to address those effects

   3. the rise of anti-Semitism and racist ideologies in Europe during the last decades of 19^th and early 20^th centuries.They may use the following examples of how each dictator repressed dissention and persecuted minorities:

   4. the arrest and execution of political opponents to Mussolini in Italy

   5. censorship of the press and propaganda

   6. the Nazi use of art as propaganda, promoting classicism and disparaging modernism as degenerate

   7. the great purges under Stalin, the development and maintenance of the gulag system, and it impact on Soviet society

   8. forced collectivization in Russia and the Holodomor, or the Ukrainian Genocide

   9. the Enabling Act, Night of the Long Knives, and Nuremberg Laws in Germany

   10. the use of paramilitary groups and youth movements

8. Analyze the aggression of Germany, Italy, and Japan in the 1930s and early 1940s and the lack of response by the League of Nations and Western democracies. 

9. Italy’s invasion of Ethiopia (1935)

10. the Spanish Civil War (1936-39)

11. the Japanese invasion of China (1931), the Manchukuo State and the Nanjing Massacre (1937), and the Japanese invasion of the Philippines (1941-42)

12. Germany’s militarization of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and aggression against Czechoslovakia, the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939, the German attack on Poland, and the changing responses of Great Britain and the United States to Hitler’s strategies

13. Explain the reasons for American involvement in World War II and the key actions and events leading up to declarations of war against Japan and Germany. Describe the Allied response to the persecution of the Jews by the Nazis before, during, and after the war.

14. Analyze the effects of one of the battles of World War II on the outcome of the war and the countries involved: 1940: the Battles of Britain and Dunkirk; 1941: the attack on Pearl Harbor; 1942: the Battles of Midway and, Corregidor; 1943: Stalingrad and the Allied invasion of Italy; 1944-1945: the invasion of Normandy, D-Day , the Battle of the Bulge, Battle of Berlin, Battle of Bataan and the subsequent Bataan Death March, the Battles of Iwo Jima , Okinawa, Manila and Corregidor 

15. Identify the goals, leadership, strategies, and post-war plans of the Allied leaders (i.e., Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin) and how wartime diplomacy affected the outcome of the war and the emergence of the Cold War.

16. Analyze the decision of the United States to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in order to bring the war with Japan to a swift conclusion and its impact on relations with the Soviet Union.

17. Evaluate the global political, economic, and social consequences of World War II. 

18. the Bretton Woods Conference at the Mt. Washington Hotel that created the IMF and the World Bank. 

19. the physical and economic destruction through the bombing of population centers

20.  enormous disruption of societies and the deaths of millions of soldiers, civilians, colonial subjects, political opponents, and ethnic minorities 

21. support in Europe for political reform and decolonization 

22. the emergence of the U.S. and the Soviet Union as the world’s two superpowers

23.  the nuclear arms race between the U.S and the Soviet Union

24. the establishment of the United Nations in 1945, the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the adoption of the Nuremberg Principles to guide the Nuremberg Tribunal of 1945 and the expansion of the Geneva Conventions in 1949 

25. Explain the reasons the United States gave for the use of atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan; and use primary and secondary sources to analyze how arguments for and against the use of nuclear weapons developed from the late 1940s to the early 1960s.

26. Explain the long-term consequences of important domestic events during the war. 

    1. the War’s stimulus to economic growth

    2. the beginning of the second Great Migration of African Americans from the South to industrial cities of the North and to California

    3. A. Philip Randolph and the efforts to eliminate employment discrimination on the basis of race

    4. large numbers of women in the workforce of munitions industries and serving in non-combat jobs in the military, including as pilots, clerks, computer scientists, and nurses.

    5. the internment of West Coast Japanese Americans in the U.S. and Canada 

    6. how the two world wars led to greater demands for civil rights for women and African Americans.

Key Primary Sources for Topic 3 in Appendix D & E

Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Four Freedoms” speech (1941)

Harry S. Truman, Address Before the Joint Session of Congress (The Truman Doctrine) (1947)

Franklin D. Roosevelt, First Annotated Typed Draft of War Address, “A Day of Infamy” speech delivered on radio (1941) 

Gordon Parks, Photographs of Ella Watson (1942)

Robert M. Jackson, Opinion for the Supreme Court in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)

Winston Churchill, excerpts from “The Iron Curtain,” speech (1946) 

John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address (1961)

See additional World War II and post-war sources in Appendix E

Topic 4. The Cold War Era, 1945-1991

Compelling Question: How did the Cold War manifest itself in conflicts and shifting alliances in the second half of the 20^th century?

1. Analyze the factors that contributed to the Cold War and describe the policy of containment as a response by the United States to Soviet expansionist policies, using evidence from primary sources to explain the differences between the Soviet and American political and economic systems; Soviet aggression in Eastern Europe; the Korean War, United States support of anti-communist regimes in Latin America and Southeast Asia; the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the Warsaw Pact).

2. Explain what communism is as an economic system and analyze the sources of Cold War conflict; on a political map of the world, locate the areas of Cold War conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in the 1950s to the 1980s.

Clarification Statement: Students can research and report on conflicts in particular areas, such as Korea, Germany, China, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America, Cuba, and Vietnam. 

3. Analyze Dwight D. Eisenhower’s response to the Soviet Union’s launching of Sputnik (1957) and the nation’s increased commitment to space exploration and education in science.

4. Summarize the diplomatic and military policies on the War in Vietnam of Presidents Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, and Richard Nixon and explain the intended and unintended consequences of the Vietnam War the Vietnamese and Americans.

5. Identify the differences in worldview between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and analyze how tensions between the USSR and the West led to the division of Europe. 

6. Analyze the impact of transnational organizations and alliances such as the United Nations (UN), the European Economic Community (EEC), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, 1949), the Warsaw Pact (1955), and the non-alignment movement on the developments of the Cold War. 

7. Evaluate the importance of key military and political developments on the outcome of the Cold War. Students may use one the following examples to address this standard.

8. The partition of Germany and the Berlin Crisis of 1948 and 1961

9. The Marshall Plan and the revival of Western Europe’s economy

10. the policy of containment and its relation to the Korean War and the Vietnam War 

11. the emergence of state and citizen driven feminism as a philosophical Cold War debate

12. the emergence of the People’s Republic of China as a major power

13. the United States backing for the overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran (1953) and Arbenz in Guatemala (1954), demonstrating the stakes of the Cold War in non-Great Power countries

14. Soviet-U.S. competition in the Middle East and the Soviet War in Afghanistan

15. The Cuban Revolution and the Cuban Missile Crisis 

16. the arms race and arms control agreements (including the ABM and SALT treaties)

17. détente and diplomatic efforts between the USSR and the West

8. Analyze the causes for the decline and collapse of the Soviet Union and the communist regimes of Eastern Europe, including the increasingly costly geopolitical competition with the United States, the growing gap between the economies of Western and Eastern Europe, the impact on people’s lives of the weakness of the Soviet economy, the toll of extended military conflict in Afghanistan, and the weakening popular support for communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. 

Clarification Statement: Students may use the following examples to address this standard: 

1. The 1975 Helsinki Accords and the emergence of human rights movements in Eastern Europe

2. The deployment of intermediate range nuclear missiles in Europe and the Reagan Administration’s investment in new defense technologies and the expansion of U.S. military forces

3. the Solidarity movement in Poland

4. the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia

5. the rise of nationalist sentiment in the Soviet bloc and USSR

6. the fall of the Berlin Wall

7. Mikhail Gorbachev’s leadership and policies of glasnost and perestroika

8. the Russian opposition movement to Boris Yeltsin

9. Evaluate the consequences of the breakup of the Soviet Union on the development of market economies, political and social stability, the spread of nuclear technology and other technologies of mass destruction to rogue states and terrorist organizations, and analyze how these consequences led to the consolidation of political power in the hands of an oligarchy during the first and second decades of the 21^st century.

10. Analyze the contributing factors to and the effects of the global surge in economic productivity, the rise in living standards in Western Europe and Japan, such as the long postwar peace between democratic nations, the role of migrant workers in rebuilding postwar nations, and the policies of international economic organizations.

12. Analyze how various social and intellectual movements of the second half of the 20^th century changed traditional assumptions about race, ethnicity, class, gender, the environment, and religion (e.g., the modern feminist movement, the LGBTQ rights movement; the environmentalist movement and emergence of Green parties).

Topic 5: Defending Democracy: Communism and Civil Rights at Home

Compelling Question: How did the U.S. government respond to challenges to freedom at home during the Cold War?

1. Research and analyze one the domestic policies of Presidents Truman and Eisenhower (e.g., Truman’s Fair Deal, the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 or the Social Security Disability Insurance Act of 1956). 

2. Analyze the roots of domestic communism and anti-communism in the 1950s, the origins and consequences of, and the resistance to McCarthyism, researching and reporting on people and institutions such as Whittaker Chambers, Alger Hiss, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, Senators Joseph McCarthy and Margaret Chase Smith, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, the American Communist Party, the House Committee on Un-American Activities, and congressional investigations into the Lavender Scare).

3. Analyze the causes and consequences of important domestic Cold War trends in the United States (e.g., economic growth and declining poverty, the G. I. Education bill, the decline in women’s employment, climb in the birthrate, the growth of suburbs and home ownership, the increase in education levels, the impact of television and increased consumerism).

4. Analyze the origins, evolution, and goals of the African American Civil Rights Movement, researching the work of people such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Malcolm X, John Lewis, Bayard Rustin, Robert F. Kennedy, and institutions such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Congress of Racial Equality.

5. Using primary sources such as news articles/analyses, editorials, and radio/television coverage, research and analyze resistance to integration in some white communities, protests to end segregation, and Supreme Court decisions on civil rights.

   1. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education 

   2. the 1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott, the 1957-1958 Little Rock School Crisis and Eisenhower’s  civil rights record

   3. King’s philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience, based on the ideas of Gandhi and the sit-ins and freedom rides of the early 1960s

   4. the 1963 civil rights protest in Birmingham and the March on Washington

   5. 1965 civil rights protest in Selma 

   6. the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. 

6. Evaluate accomplishments of the Civil Rights movement (e.g., the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act) and how they served as a model for later feminist, disability, and gender rights movements of the 20^th and 21^st centuries; collect and analyze demographic data to investigate trends from the 1964 to 2010 in areas such as voter registration and participation, median family income, or educational attainment among African American, Hispanic American, Asian American and white populations.

7. Using primary sources such as news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, research New Hampshire and New England leaders for civil rights and the controversies over the racial desegregation of public schools in the 1960s and 1970s, including:

   1. Using primary and secondary sources, analyze the causes and course of one of the following social and political movements, including consideration of the role of protest, advocacy organizations, and active citizen participation. 

      1. Women’s rights, including the writings on feminism by Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem and others; the availability of the birth control pill; the activism of the National Organization for Women and opposition to the movement by conservative leaders such as Phyllis Schlafly; passage of the Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution (1972), and its failure to achieve sufficient ratification by states; Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments to the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1973 Supreme Court decision, Roe v. Wade, the appointment of Sandra Day O’Connor as the first woman Justice of the Supreme Court in 1981, and increasing numbers of women in elected offices in national and state government.

      2. the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ) Civil Rights Movement, the impact of world wars on the demand for gay rights, the Stonewall Rebellion of 1969, the Gay Pride Movement, and activism and medical research to slow the spread of AIDS in the 1980s; the role of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health (2004) and the role of other state courts in providing equal protection for same sex marriage in advance of the United States Supreme Court decision in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

      3. the disability rights movement such as deinstitutionalization, independent living, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975), the Americans with Disabilities Act (1990), and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1990)

      4. the environmental protection movement (e.g., the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring; the 1970 federal Clean Air Act; the 1972 Massachusetts Wetlands Protection Act; the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act and subsequent amendments) 

      5. the movement to protect the health and rights of workers, and improve working conditions and wages (e.g., César Chávez and Dolores Huerta and the migrant farmworkers’ movement, workplace protections against various forms of discrimination and sexual harassment)

      6. the movement to protect the rights, self-determination, and sovereignty of Native Peoples (e.g., the American Indian Movement, the Wounded Knee Incident at the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota in 1973, the Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975, and the efforts of Native Peoples’ groups to preserve Native cultures, gain federal or state recognition and raise awareness of Native American history

8. Research and analyze issues related to race relations in the United States since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, including: the Fair Housing Act of 1968 and its impact on neighborhood integration; policies, court cases, and practices regarding affirmative action and their impact on diversity in the workforce and higher education; disparities and trends in educational achievement and attainment, health outcomes, wealth and income, and rates of incarceration; the election of the nation’s first African American president, Barack Obama, in 2008 and 2012.

Key Primary Sources for Topic 3 in Appendix D 

Brown v. the Board of Education of Topeka (1954); 

Martin Luther King, Jr., “I Have a Dream” speech (1963) 

“Letter from Birmingham City Jail” (1963); 

Lyndon Johnson, “And We Shall Overcome”, (1965)

Barack Obama, “A More Perfect Union” (2008)

Suggested Primary Source for Topic 3 in Appendix D 

Margaret Chase Smith, Declaration of Conscience Speech (1950)

Lyndon Johnson, “Great Society Speech” (1964) 

American Experience: Stonewall Uprising Trailer (event 1969; video, 2010)

Ed Roberts, Speech on Disability Rights at a Sit-In Rally in San Francisco (1977)

César Chávez, Address to the Commonwealth Club of California (1984) 

Henry Louis Gates, Jr., The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross (2013 video)

Elizabeth Maurer, Legislating History: 100 Years of Women in Congress (2017) 

Lacey Schwartz and Mehret Mandefro, The Loving Generation (2018 video) 

Topic 6. United States and Globalization 

Supporting Questions: How does globalization affect the United States? How can Americans use the Constitution to unite the nation?

1. Using primary sources such as campaign literature and debates, news articles/analyses, editorials, and television coverage, analyze the important policies and events that took place during the presidencies of John F. Kennedy (e.g., the confrontation with Cuba over missile bases, the space exploration program, Kennedy’s assassination), Lyndon Johnson (the Great Society programs, the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Acts, the Vietnam War and anti-war movements, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy), and Richard Nixon (the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency, diplomacy with China, détente with the Soviet Union), Ford (Watergate/Nixon resignation, Vietnam War, Stagflation), Carter (creation of the Department of Education, Camp David, Crisis of Confidence Speech, Iran hostages, SALT)

2. Analyze and evaluate the impact of economic liberalism on mid-20^th century society, including the legacy of the New Deal on post World War II America, the expansion of American manufacturing and unionism, social welfare programs, and the regulation of major industries such as transportation, energy, communications and finance.

3. Analyze the presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) and the rise of the conservative movement in American politics, (e.g., policies such as tax rate cuts, anti-communist foreign and defense policies, replacement of striking air traffic controllers with non-union personnel.

4. Analyze how the failure of communist economic policies and U.S.-sponsored resistance to Soviet military and diplomatic initiatives contributed to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, and the end of the Cold War.

5. Analyze some of the major technological and social trends and issues of the late 20^th and early 21^st centuries (e.g., the computer and technological revolution beginning in the 1980s, scientific and medical discoveries such as DNA research, major immigration and demographic changes such as the rise in Asian and Hispanic immigration).

6. Evaluate the effectiveness of the federal government’s response to international terrorism in the 21^st century, including the 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington, D.C., the Homeland Security Act, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, and the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars.

Suggested Primary Source for Topic 4 in Appendix D

George W. Bush, Address to the Joint Session of the 107^th Congress (September, 2001)

Suggested Inquiries

6.1 Coming Soon: How did the presidents of the 1960s and early 1970s shape America?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Was the Great Society successful?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Why did the Soviets pull their missiles out of Cuba?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: How did Fidel Castro view the United States?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Was the U.S. planning to go to war with North Vietnam before the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Why did many Americans oppose the Vietnam War?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Can we trust what Wikipedia says about U.S. involvement in the 1973 coup in Chile?

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Was President Nixon involved in the break-in at the Watergate Hotel? 

6.1 Digital Inquiry Group: Was President Ford’s pardon of Richard Nixon the right decision?

6.2 Coming Soon: How did economic reforms of the 1900s shape the modern United States?

6.2 Remedial Herstory Project: Did legislation alone help MADD change the culture of drunk driving? 

6.3 Digital Inquiry Group: Were Reaganomics good for the United States?

6.3 Digital Inquiry Group: What sources are trustworthy for learning about the Iran-Contra Affair?

6.4 Coming Soon: Was the fall of the Berlin Wall inevitable?

6.5 Coming Soon: What fueled the developments of the 20th century?

6.5 Digital Inquiry Group: What were arguments in the United States against ratifying NAFTA?

6.5 Digital Inquiry Group: What sources are trustworthy for learning about the effects of Hurricane Katrina?

6.5 Digital Inquiry Group: Why didn’t the United States ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

6.6 Digital Inquiry Group: What did the U.S. senators disagree about when debating the Iraq Resolution?

6.6 Coming Soon: How successful was the War on Terror?